Fazila Rajab , BDS, is a freelance medical writer with over 7 years of writing experience. Her expertise lies in distilling complex scientific material into easy-to-read articles for both health care professionals and the lay public. in her leisure time, she likes to play Scrabble and badminton. She is based in Karachi, Pakistan.

FAZILA RAJAB, BDS 

Molecule of candida auris fungal infection in darkness.

(Adobe Stock 678684516 by Andre_Dechapelle)

The rising prevalence of immunocompromised individuals has made 

 a significant concern in critical care medicine due to its resistance to treatment and its association with candidiasis, the most common cause of fungal infections. Every year, fungal pathogens such as 

 cause at least 13 million illnesses and 1.5 million fatalities worldwide.

 In individuals with impaired immune systems, infections can escalate rapidly, leading to wound infections, otitis externa, and candidemia, which can cause significant morbidity and death rates.

Health care–associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant challenge in clinical settings worldwide. The risk of contracting HAIs is 20 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

 has emerged as a concerning pathogen due to its multidrug resistance and ability to cause outbreaks in health care facilities, including long-term care facilities. It exhibits multidrug resistance patterns to typical antifungal medication used for other intrusive 

 infections and a host of additional virulence factors.

 This article aims to provide health care professionals with the latest updates on 

 infections, including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies.

 is growing alarmingly throughout US health care institutions and is deemed an “urgent antimicrobial resistance threat,” according to a March 20, 2023, warning from the CDC.

 was reported in the US in 2016 (n = 13 cases), the number of cases has grown annually.4 Clinical cases climbed from 476 in 2019 to 1471 in 2021; the volume of colonization screening cases grew by 80%, and the number of screening cases increased by almost 200% in 2021. Between January and December of 2022, the most current 12-month period, 2377 clinical cases were documented.

The CDC points out several factors, such as inadequate general infection prevention and control in health care institutions, might have contributed to the rise in case counts.

 The COVID-19 burden on hospital and public health systems, however, may have exacerbated the spread of the fungus given the precise moment of the surge.

 infection include those with prolonged hospital stays; exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics or antifungal agents; invasive procedures; and underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, immunosuppression, or indwelling devices. Additionally, health care workers may inadvertently contribute to the spread of 

through poor hand hygiene practices or inadequate environmental cleaning.

 primarily affects patients with compromised immune systems and can lead to bloodstream infections, wound infections, and invasive candidiasis. Clinical manifestations vary but may include fever, chills, hypotension, and localized signs of infection.

 infections present myriad clinical manifestations that can range from subtle to severe, posing diagnostic challenges for health care professionals. Understanding the diverse ways in which this pathogen manifests is crucial for timely recognition and appropriate management. 

 commonly causes invasive candidiasis, characterized by bloodstream infections and dissemination to various organs.

Patients typically present with fever, chills, hypotension, and signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

The clinical presentation may vary depending on the site of infection, with manifestations such as septic thrombophlebitis, endophthalmitis, or osteomyelitis.

 species in the bloodstream, is a hallmark of invasive 

 candidemia can occur as an isolated infection or as part of a disseminated syndrome.

Patients may exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and altered mental status, making diagnosis challenging.

 can colonize and infect wounds, particularly in patients with indwelling medical devices or surgical wounds.

Wound infections may present as delayed healing, erythema, warmth, or purulent discharge.

Health care professionals should maintain a high index of suspicion for 

in patients with persistent or recurrent wound infections, especially in health care settings with known outbreaks.

has been implicated in cases of otitis externa, particularly in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression or prior antibiotic or antifungal therapy.

otitis may include otalgia, otorrhea, pruritus, and conductive hearing loss.

Diagnosis requires careful examination and microbiological evaluation of ear canal discharge, with consideration in patients not responding to conventional otitis treatment.

 has been associated with many infections, including urinary tract, respiratory tract, and central nervous system infections.

Clinical manifestations vary depending on the site of infection and the underlying host factors, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation and tailored management approach.

 has a propensity for chronic colonization, particularly in high-risk patient populations.

Colonized patients may remain asymptomatic or develop recurrent infections over time, posing infection control and prevention challenges.

 infections can be challenging due to its similarity to other 

 spp and the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction assays and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry have improved the accuracy and speed of identification.

 Furthermore, health care facilities should establish surveillance programs to monitor the prevalence of 

 infections necessitates a collaborative effort involving infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, and pharmacists. Antifungal susceptibility testing should inform the selection of appropriate therapy, considering local epidemiology and resistance patterns. 

 exhibits a notable propensity for treatment resistance; a considerable portion of isolates display resistance to fluconazole, with over half demonstrating resistance to 2 or more antifungal agents. Despite this challenge, certain strains of 

 retain susceptibility to echinocandins, polyenes, and occasionally azoles.

On March 22, 2023, the FDA granted authorization for rezafungin, an antifungal medication, for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and candidemia.

 Furthermore, clinical trials for fosmanogepix and ibrexafungerp have progressed to phase 3, indicating potential future options for combating 

 In refractory cases, combination therapy and higher doses may be warranted to enhance treatment efficacy.

 within health care facilities is paramount in controlling outbreaks.

 should be isolated with standard hygiene measures, such as gloves, cover gowns, hand sanitizers, and specialized equipment.

When using equipment on a different patient, it must be cleaned and sterilized if it cannot be dedicated. Complete cessation of reusable equipment may be required in a continuing transmission. Moving around the room and facility should be restricted for patients to maintain appropriate contact precautions and environmental cleanliness. The CDC advises continuing isolation and contact restrictions if an individual has a 

 Although the exact length of colonization is unknown, it is thought to have been protracted and unending. Patients who must be transferred between institutions require careful planning and coordination between the sending and receiving facilities. Departments specializing in infection prevention and control can help ensure that infection control procedures are followed before and after transfer.

 is essential by cleaning and disinfecting shared mobile equipment and the surrounding area.10 Patients with colonization or infection with 

 should be cleaned daily and discharged using a disinfectant that specifically targets 

. The CDC advises using a UV-resistant, US Environmental Protection Agency List K disinfectant. Setting up a plan for environmental cleaning and disinfection should result from cooperation between infection prevention and control and the environmental services department. Every day, all spaces used by patients with 

 should be cleaned and disinfected, paying particular attention to high-touch surfaces. Disposable or specialized equipment is advised for cases of 

 Health care institutions that have seen patients with prolonged stays in facilities outside of the US in the preceding year, closely connected patients, and patients in critical condition should all consider screening more patients for 

 colonization to find unidentified cases.

 Because the groin and axilla are the most-colonized locations, a swab of a patient’s bilateral axilla should be used for screening. When a patient is found to be colonized with 

, infection control procedures should be initiated. Facilities should be aware of circumstances in which the tendency for misidentification makes 

 still presents problems for health care providers at all levels. Although research on and clinical experience with 

 have recently increased, many unresolved concerns remain.

 Certain concerns, such as the length of colonization and the necessity of isolation, screening techniques, and the proper cleaning and disinfection of environments, require more investigation.

 represents a formidable challenge in the fight against HAIs, necessitating vigilant surveillance, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate management. By staying informed about the latest updates on 

, health care professionals can effectively mitigate its impact on patient outcomes and public health.

1. Cristina ML, Spagnolo AM, Sartini M, et al. An overview on 

‌2. Li RJ, Wu YL, Huang K, et al. A prospective surveillance study of healthcare-associated infections in an intensive care unit from a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2012-2019. 

. 2023;102(31):e34469. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000034469

3. Wang S, Pan J, Gu L, et al. Review of treatment options for a multidrug-resistant fungus: 

. 2024;62(1):myad127. doi:10.1093/mmy/myad127

4. Alshahrani FS, Elgujja AA, Alsubaie S, et al. Description of 

 occurrence in a tertiary health institution in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 

. 2023;11(24):3150. doi:10.3390/healthcare11243150

5. Lyman M, Forsberg K, Sexton DJ, et al. Worsening spread of 

. 2023;176(4):489-495. doi:10.7326/M22-3469

. 2023;10:20499361231189958. doi:10.1177/20499361231189958

7. Saifullah, Ma Z, Li M, Maqbool MQ. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers (HCWs) in Sindh Province of Pakistan. 

. 2023;21(1):78. doi:10.1186/s12961-023-01022-5

8. Gupta A, Agarwal J, Singh V, Das A, Sen M. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) as an indispensable tool in diagnostic bacteriology: a comparative analysis with conventional technique. 

. 2023;15(3):e36984. doi:10.7759/cureus.36984

9. Omardien S, Teska P. Skin and hard surface disinfection against 

. 2024;11:1312929. doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1312929

10. Infection prevention and control for 

. CDC. Updated January 17, 2023. Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-infection-control.html

11. Guidance for the efficacy evaluation of products for claims against drug-resistant Candida auris. US Environmental Protection Agency. Updated October 5, 2023. Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/guidance-efficacy-evaluation-products-claims-against-drug-resistant-candida

 colonization in healthcare settings. CDC. Updated February 20, 2024. Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-screening.html

13. Ahmad S, Asadzadeh M. Strategies to prevent transmission of 

. 2023;17(1):36-48. doi:10.1007/s12281-023-00451-7

Articles

Stay informed on the growing threat of Candida auris with expert insights on its multidrug-resistance, clinical manifestations, and effective prevention strategies for health care settings.

The Latest on Candida auris: Updates, Challenges, and Prevention Strategies 

Air quality directly impacts the transmission of pathogens and respiratory illnesses, making it crucial in preventing infections. When the air we breathe is of good quality, it acts as a barrier, hindering the easy movement of harmful microorganisms and viruses. On the contrary, poor air quality creates an environment conducive to the rapid spread of these diseases. Therefore, maintaining high air quality benefits our overall well-being and actively curbs infection transmission among individuals.

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the dynamics of air quality management within health care settings.

 This article aims to delve into the latest developments, effective strategies, and potential limitations concerning air quality, tailored for infection preventionists.

Investigators have found that certain germs are transmitted on big respiratory droplets when people cough or sneeze, whereas others spread through tiny aerosol particles.

 Understanding this distinction is crucial to preventing the spread of disease. For example, COVID-19 demonstrated the importance of good ventilation and air filters because diseases can spread through tiny aerosols. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, can be transmitted through both respiratory droplets and aerosols, making it important to consider multiple modes

of transmission in public health measures.

Two superstars have emerged in the air cleaning world: high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems. HEPA filters are like microscopic bouncers that catch even the tiniest particles, including germs as small as 0.3 µm.

 UVGI systems use a special light to zap germs; these technologies significantly reduce the risk of germs spreading through the air.

Imagine having a digital watchdog that constantly checks the air quality and examines dust, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels.

 These devices help infection experts make quick decisions about keeping the air clean and safe, ensuring everyone stays healthy.

In health care, HEPA filters shine with exemplary efficiency. Products like Honeywell True HEPA Air Purifiers

 and Dyson Pure Cool TP04 HEPA air purifiers

 have garnered acclaim for their prowess in eliminating airborne particles, ensuring pristine air quality for patients and staff.

 has taken center stage, harnessing UV-C light’s potent prowess to neutralize pathogens in the air and on surfaces. Its innovative approach has garnered attention as a pioneering solution for infection control.

Companies such as Airthings present cutting-edge real-time air quality monitoring solutions. The Airthings Wave Plus

product particularly stands out for its ability to continuously assess various air quality parameters, providing invaluable insights to enhance environmental well-being.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized air filtration by enabling the creation of tiny, efficient filters. Using nanoscale materials and structures, these filters trap even the smallest particles, including viruses and bacteria. They are increasingly used in air purifiers and HVAC systems to improve indoor air quality, making them a crucial innovation in addressing health concerns related to air pollution and airborne pathogens.

Smart ventilation systems leverage sensors and automation to optimize building airflow. They can adjust ventilation rates based on real-time data, such as occupancy levels and air quality measurements. By dynamically managing airflow, these systems enhance energy efficiency and ensure occupants breathe cleaner, healthier air. This innovation is especially valuable for sustainable building practices and reducing the spread of airborne contaminants.

Advanced sensors are pivotal in monitoring and controlling indoor environments. These sensors detect various parameters, including temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and volatile organic compounds. With their data, building management systems can make real-time adjustments to maintain optimal conditions for comfort, well-being, and energy efficiency.

Air disinfection technologies have seen significant advancements in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing concerns about airborne pathogens. UV-C light, photocatalytic oxidation (ie, a process using light energy to catalyze the oxidation of pollutants, purifying air and water), and other methods are being integrated into air purification systems to kill or inactivate viruses and bacteria. These technologies are crucial for improving the safety of indoor spaces such as hospitals, offices, and public transportation.

Machine learning is being integrated into various aspects of HVAC and air quality control systems. By analyzing vast datasets from sensors and historical usage patterns, machine learning algorithms can predict when maintenance is needed, optimize energy consumption, and even anticipate changes in air quality. This integration enhances system efficiency, reduces operating costs, and ensures a healthier indoor environment.

Well-designed ventilation systems focusing on air exchange rates and proper clean air distribution can dilute indoor contaminants.

 Dilution ventilation, which involves increasing the outdoor air supply, can significantly reduce the concentration of airborne pathogens.

When appropriately selected and maintained, HEPA filters can effectively reduce the concentration of particles carrying pathogens. Regular filter replacement and maintenance are crucial to ensure optimal filtration efficiency.

These systems are proven to inactivate many pathogens. When placed strategically within ventilation systems, they can help mitigate the risk of airborne transmission.

Negative pressure rooms are vital in isolating contagious patients and preventing the spread of airborne infections to the surrounding environment. These rooms ensure that air flows from the corridor into the isolation room, minimizing the escape of pathogens.

Implementing advanced air quality control measures can be expensive. High-quality ventilation systems, HEPA filters, and UVGI systems require substantial up-front investments, potentially straining health care budgets.

Complex air quality systems demand regular maintenance to function optimally. Filters need replacement, UV lamps require periodic changes, and ventilation systems must undergo routine inspections. Inadequate maintenance can lead to decreased efficiency and compromised infection prevention.

Retrofitting health care facilities with advanced air quality systems can be challenging due to architectural constraints. Older buildings might need structural provisions to effectively accommodate new ventilation or filtration systems.

Some pathogens remain viable in aerosols for extended periods, whereas others have shorter survival times. Tailoring air quality interventions to different pathogens’ characteristics is crucial but complex.

Infection preventionists play a pivotal role in safeguarding health care environments against transmitting pathogens through the air. New insights into pathogen-specific transmission dynamics and innovations in ventilation, filtration, and monitoring systems offer promising tools for effective infection control. Optimizing ventilation, employing air filtration technologies, and integrating real-time monitoring can enhance air quality management strategies.

However, challenges such as high costs, maintenance complexity, and retrofitting limitations warrant careful consideration. As our understanding of airborne transmission continues to evolve, infection preventionists must stay abreast of the latest research and advancements in air quality management. By balancing innovation and practicality, health care facilities can create safer environments that minimize the risk of airborne infections and protect patients and health care workers.

Gola M, Settimo G, Capolongo S. Indoor air quality in inpatient environments: a systematic review on factors that influence chemical pollution in inpatient wards. 

. 2019;2019:8358306. doi:10.1155/2019/8358306

Gralton J, Tovey E, McLaws ML, Rawlinson WD. The role of particle size in aerosolized pathogen transmission: a review. 

. 2011;62(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.11.010

Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W, et al. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimized? 

. 2020;142:105832. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832

Whitacre Martonicz T. Investigation of air dispersal during a rhinovirus outbreak in a pediatric intensive care unit. 

https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/investigation-air-dispersal-during-rhinovirus-outbreak-pediatric-intensive-care-unit

What is a HEPA filter? Environmental Protection Agency. Updated March 13, 2023. Accessed August 30, 2023. 

https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-hepa-filter#:~:text=This%20type%20of%20air%20filter,penetrating%20particle%20size%20(MPPS)

Hiwar W, King MF, Shuweihdi F, Fletcher LA, Dancer SJ, Noakes DJ. What is the relationship between indoor air quality parameters and airborne microorganisms in hospital environments? a systematic review and meta-analysis. 

. 2021;31(5):1308-1322. doi:10.1111/ina.12846

Air purifiers. Honeywell. Accessed October 7, 2023. 

https://www.honeywellstore.com/store/category/air-purifiers.htm

Dyson Pure Cool, TP04 - HEPA air purifier and tower fan, white/silver. Amazon. Accessed October 7, 2023. 

https://www.amazon.com/Dyson-Purifying-Tower-White-Silver/dp/B07BJF7LQ5

Izadyar N, Miller W. Ventilation strategies and design impacts on indoor airborne transmission: a review. 

. 2022;218:109158. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109158

New insights into pathogen-specific transmission dynamics and innovations in ventilation, filtration, and monitoring systems offer promising tools for effective infection control.


Air Quality in Infection Prevention: Innovations, Efficacy, and Limitations

Photo of doctor's hands holding legs of a newborn in an incubator in a  neonatal intensive care unit.

Premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) require special care and attention, especially regarding infection prevention. Infection control practices in the NICU have evolved significantly, resulting in improved outcomes and best practices. It is crucial to acknowledge the importance of using up-to-date and efficient techniques to guarantee the safety and health of these delicate patients.

According to recent studies, implementing infection prevention measures in the NICU has significantly reduced health care–associated infections (HAIs).

 Moreover, studies have shown that by implementing comprehensive infection control programs, NICUs have achieved up to a 60% reduction in health care–associated bloodstream infections.

 These impressive statistics demonstrate the impact of dedicated infection prevention efforts in the NICU.

In the past, infection prevention in the NICU was primarily focused on hand hygiene and basic isolation measures. Although these steps were important, they did not address premature infants’ unique challenges. Neonates have fragile immune systems and are highly susceptible to infections. Recognizing this, health care professionals began to develop a more comprehensive approach to infection prevention in the NICU.

Medical technology and scientific research have played a critical role in shaping how infection prevention is practiced in the NICU. Following are some notable advancements in this field.

Implementing neonatal infection surveillance programs has revolutionized how infection prevention is practiced in NICUs.

 These programs allow health care providers to track infection rates in real time, identify outbreaks, analyze trends, and implement targeted infection prevention strategies. This has enabled early detection and prevention of infections, thereby minimizing their impact on premature infants. It has also helped to improve the care provided in NICUs by enhancing the quality of data collected on infections, leading to a better understanding of best practices for infection prevention.

Following are some specific neonatal infection surveillance programs and how experts in the field utilize them.

a. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Neonatal Component:

The NHSN Neonatal Component, run by the CDC in the United States, focuses on tracking HAIs in NICUs and special care nurseries. Experts in this program utilize standardized definitions and reporting methods to collect data on infections, including bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. The data are analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and risk factors associated with neonatal infections. This information is then used to develop evidence-based infection prevention and control strategies, optimize antimicrobial use, and improve patient outcomes.

The CNN is a collaborative network of NICUs across Canada that collects and analyzes data on neonatal infections and outcomes. Experts utilize the pooled data from participating NICUs to compare infection rates, treatment approaches, and outcomes. This information helps identify best practices for neonatal care, including infection prevention measures, antibiotic stewardship, and supportive interventions. The network also facilitates research to improve the quality of neonatal care and reduce infection-related morbidity and mortality.

c. European Neonatal Infection Surveillance Network (EuroNeoNet)

EuroNeoNet is a consortium of European neonatal units that monitors and benchmarks neonatal infections, antimicrobial resistance, and perinatal epidemiology. Experts in EuroNeoNet collect and share data on neonatal infections and antimicrobial resistance, enabling cross-national comparisons and identification of regional variations. This effort helps to increase understanding of the impact of different health care systems, policies, and practices on neonatal infection rates and resistance patterns. By learning from collaboration, experts can work toward implementing effective infection control strategies and improving neonatal outcomes across Europe.

Effective hand hygiene is essential for infection prevention in NICUs.

 Alcohol-based hand sanitizers, stricter guidelines, and continuous education have significantly improved hand hygiene practices. Health care professionals have been trained to practice hand hygiene regularly, especially before and after patient contact, to reduce the risk of HAIs. Improvements in hand hygiene have led to a reduction in the incidence of infections in NICUs, contributing significantly to better patient outcomes.

One of the most effective ways of preventing the spread of infections is implementing strict isolation precautions in NICUs. Such precautions include placing neonates with contagious infections in single-patient rooms and using barrier precautions such as gloves, gowns, and masks when handling them. Isolation precautions have proven effective in minimizing cross-contamination and lowering the risk of infection transmission, thereby reducing the incidence of HAIs in NICUs.

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant 

, and extended-spectrum b-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae, posing a significant threat to health care systems.

 To combat this, antibiotic stewardship programs have been introduced in NICUs. These programs emphasize the appropriate use of antibiotics, proper dosage, and duration, reducing the chances of antibiotic resistance. By ensuring that neonates receive antibiotics only when necessary, antibiotic stewardship programs have contributed to reducing the incidence of infections in NICUs, improving patient outcomes, and reducing the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

Medical devices, such as central venous catheters, endotracheal tubes, and urinary catheters, are commonly used in NICUs. However, these devices can increase the risk of HAIs, such as central line–associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, if not appropriately managed.

Recently, there have been significant improvements in the design and maintenance of these devices, reducing the likelihood of infections. Innovations in device design have led to the development of catheters with antimicrobial coatings, which can prevent bacterial colonization and reduce the risk of infections. For instance, a study published in 

 showed that zinc-doped copper oxide nanoparticle–coated catheters reduced 

 biofilm formation by more than 90% under flow conditions for 24 hours.

 Additionally, frequent monitoring and maintenance of medical devices can help ensure proper functioning, minimizing the risk of device-associated infections.

The Future of Infection Prevention in the NICU

Despite the progress made in infection prevention, there is still room for improvement. Here are some potential developments.

Advancements in molecular techniques, such as rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, hold promise in the early detection of infections. These techniques can help identify pathogens quickly, allowing for prompt treatment and limiting the spread of infections.

Here are some examples of brands or infections associated with these techniques:

 Roche produces PCR-based assays for various infectious diseases. For example, the cobas series includes assays for detecting infections like HIV, and various respiratory viruses.

 Abbott offers PCR-based assays for detecting infections such as influenza virus, COVID-19, and other
respiratory pathogens.

 BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company)
manufactures the Veritor System, a rapid diagnostic test platform. It has been used to detect infections like influenza A virus and influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and strep throat.

 Sofia 2 is a rapid immunoassay system for detecting various infections, including influenza virus, strep throat, and RSV.

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly developed and deployed molecular diagnostic tests, especially PCR-based assays. Numerous companies, including Roche, Abbott, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Cepheid, have developed and distributed PCR tests for COVID-19 detection. Antigen-based rapid tests, such as those produced by Abbott (BinaxNOW) and
QuidelOrtho (QuickVue), have also played an essential role in detecting COVID-19 infections quickly.

Vaccination plays a vital role in preventing infectious diseases. In the future, there may be an increased focus on developing specific
vaccines for neonates and
implementing immunization strategies to protect premature infants against common pathogens.

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine

Vaccines that were in the works or being researched
(as of 2023):

Continued education and training for health care professionals regarding infection prevention practices in the NICU will be important. This will ensure they stay up-to-date with the latest guidelines and best practices, enhancing patient safety.

Advancements in Environmental Disinfection

Efforts to improve environmental disinfection in the NICU will continue. Novel technologies, such as UV germicidal irradiation and robotic disinfection systems, may be implemented to further reduce the risk of infections.

Infection prevention in the NICU has come a long way, thanks to advances in medical knowledge, technology, and dedicated efforts of health care professionals. Continued research, improved surveillance programs, and innovative strategies will further enhance the prevention and control of infections in the NICU. As we observe NICU Awareness Month, let us recognize the critical role infection prevention plays in safeguarding the health and well-being of premature infants.

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Buetti N, Marschall J, Drees M, et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. 

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Kuti BP, Ogunlesi TA, Oduwole O, et al. Hand hygiene for the prevention of infections in neonates. 

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Shalom Y, Perelshtein I, Perkas N, Gedanken A, Banin E. Catheters coated with Zn-doped CuO nanoparticles delay the onset of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. 

. 2017;10:520-533. doi:10.1007/s12274-016-1310-8

The state of the world’s children 2023. Unicef. April 1, 2023. Accessed July 24, 2023. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwn_OlBhDhARIsAG2y6zOZZopnIUqK3-v-cvH9pj9dQVa74jo9rVOA2_W7W5ZcXBmtHVGgwWsaAlu2EALw_wcB

Dramowski A, Aucamp M, Beales E, et al. Healthcare-associated infection prevention interventions for neonates in resource-limited settings. 

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In the delicate world of neonatal care, every precaution is taken to protect premature infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). It's crucial to acknowledge the strides made in safeguarding these vulnerable infants, whose wellbeing hinges on the meticulous efforts of health care professionals and evolving best practices.

FAZILA RAJAB, BDS

Articles

The Latest on Candida auris: Updates, Challenges, and Prevention Strategies

Air Quality in Infection Prevention: Innovations, Efficacy, and Limitations

Infection Prevention in the NICU: A Changing Landscape

Air Quality in Infection Prevention: Innovations, Efficacy, and Limitations